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# Getting started

An overview of Bootstrap, how to download and use, basic templates and examples, and more.

# Download

Bootstrap (currently v3.2.0) has a few easy ways to quickly get started, each one appealing to a different skill level and use case. Read through to see what suits your particular needs.

### Bootstrap

Compiled and minified CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No docs or original source files are included.

Download Bootstrap

### Source code

Source Less, JavaScript, and font files, along with our docs. Requires a Less compiler and some setup.

Download source

### Sass

Bootstrap ported from Less to Sass for easy inclusion in Rails, Compass, or Sass-only projects.

Download Sass

### Bootstrap CDN

The folks over at MaxCDN graciously provide CDN support for Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript. Just use these Bootstrap CDN links.

    <!-- Latest compiled and minified CSS -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">

    <!-- Optional theme -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css">

    <!-- Latest compiled and minified JavaScript -->
    <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>

### Install with Bower

Install and manage Bootstrap's Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Bower.

    $ bower install bootstrap

# What's included

Bootstrap is downloadable in two forms, within which you'll find the following directories and files, logically grouping common resources and providing both compiled and minified variations.

#### jQuery required

Please note that all JavaScript plugins require jQuery to be included, as shown in the starter template. Consult our `bower.json` to see which versions of jQuery are supported.

## Precompiled Bootstrap

Once downloaded, unzip the compressed folder to see the structure of (the compiled) Bootstrap. You'll see something like this:

    bootstrap/
    ├── css/
    │   ├── bootstrap.css
    │   ├── bootstrap.min.css
    │   ├── bootstrap-theme.css
    │   └── bootstrap-theme.min.css
    ├── js/
    │   ├── bootstrap.js
    │   └── bootstrap.min.js
    └── fonts/
        ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.eot
        ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.svg
        ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.ttf
        └── glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff

This is the most basic form of Bootstrap: precompiled files for quick drop-in usage in nearly any web project. We provide compiled CSS and JS (`bootstrap.*`), as well as compiled and minified CSS and JS (`bootstrap.min.*`). Fonts from Glyphicons are included, as is the optional Bootstrap theme.

## Bootstrap source code

The Bootstrap source code download includes the precompiled CSS, JavaScript, and font assets, along with source Less, JavaScript, and documentation. More specifically, it includes the following and more:

    bootstrap/
    ├── less/
    ├── js/
    ├── fonts/
    ├── dist/
    │   ├── css/
    │   ├── js/
    │   └── fonts/
    └── docs/
        └── examples/

The `less/`, `js/`, and `fonts/` are the source code for our CSS, JS, and icon fonts (respectively). The `dist/` folder includes everything listed in the precompiled download section above. The `docs/` folder includes the source code for our documentation, and `examples/` of Bootstrap usage. Beyond that, any other included file provides support for packages, license information, and development.

# Compiling CSS and JavaScript

Bootstrap uses Grunt for its build system, with convenient methods for working with the framework. It's how we compile our code, run tests, and more.

## Installing Grunt

To install Grunt, you must first download and install node.js (which includes npm). npm stands for node packaged modules and is a way to manage development dependencies through node.js.

Then, from the command line:

1. Install `grunt-cli` globally with `npm install -g grunt-cli`.
2. Navigate to the root `/bootstrap/` directory, then run `npm install`. npm will look at the `package.json` file and automatically install the necessary local dependencies listed there.

When completed, you'll be able to run the various Grunt commands provided from the command line.

## Available Grunt commands

### `grunt dist` (Just compile CSS and JavaScript)

Regenerates the `/dist/` directory with compiled and minified CSS and JavaScript files. As a Bootstrap user, this is normally the command you want.

### `grunt watch` (Watch)

Watches the Less source files and automatically recompiles them to CSS whenever you save a change.

### `grunt test` (Run tests)

Runs JSHint and runs the QUnit tests headlessly in PhantomJS.

### `grunt` (Build absolutely everything and run tests)

Compiles and minifies CSS and JavaScript, builds the documentation website, runs the HTML5 validator against the docs, regenerates the Customizer assets, and more. Usually only necessary if you're hacking on Bootstrap itself.

## Troubleshooting

Should you encounter problems with installing dependencies or running Grunt commands, first delete the `/node_modules/` directory generated by npm. Then, rerun `npm install`.

# Basic template

Start with this basic HTML template, or modify these examples. We hope you'll customize our templates and examples, adapting them to suit your needs.

Copy the HTML below to begin working with a minimal Bootstrap document.

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
      <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
        <title>Bootstrap 101 Template</title>

        <!-- Bootstrap -->
        <link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

        <!-- HTML5 Shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
        <!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file:// -->
        <!--[if lt IE 9]>
          <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
          <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
        <![endif]-->
      </head>
      <body>
        <h1>Hello, world!</h1>

        <!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) -->
        <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed -->
        <script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
      </body>
    </html>

# Examples

Build on the basic template above with Bootstrap's many components. We encourage you to customize and adapt Bootstrap to suit your individual project's needs.

### Using the framework

#### Starter template

Nothing but the basics: compiled CSS and JavaScript along with a container.

#### Bootstrap theme

Load the optional Bootstrap theme for a visually enhanced experience.

#### Grids

Multiple examples of grid layouts with all four tiers, nesting, and more.

#### Jumbotron

Build around the jumbotron with a navbar and some basic grid columns.

#### Narrow jumbotron

Build a more custom page by narrowing the default container and jumbotron.

### Navbars in action

#### Navbar

Super basic template that includes the navbar along with some additional content.

#### Static top navbar

Super basic template with a static top navbar along with some additional content.

#### Fixed navbar

Super basic template with a fixed top navbar along with some additional content.

### Custom components

#### Cover

A one-page template for building simple and beautiful home pages.

#### Carousel

Customize the navbar and carousel, then add some new components.

#### Blog

Simple two-column blog layout with custom navigation, header, and type.

#### Dashboard

Basic structure for a admin dashboard with fixed sidebar and navbar.

#### Sign-in page

Custom form layout and design for a simple sign in form.

#### Justified nav

Create a custom navbar with justified links. Heads up! Not too Safari friendly.

#### Sticky footer

Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport when the content is shorter than it.

#### Sticky footer with navbar

Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport with a fixed navbar at the top.

### Experiments

#### Non-responsive Bootstrap

Easily disable the responsiveness of Bootstrap per our docs.

#### Offcanvas

Build a toggleable off-canvas navigation menu for use with Bootstrap.

# Tools

## Bootlint

Bootlint is an official Bootstrap HTML linter tool. It automatically checks for several common HTML mistakes in webpages that are using Bootstrap in a fairly "vanilla" way. Vanilla Bootstrap's components/widgets require their parts of the DOM to conform to certain structures. Bootlint checks that instances of Bootstrap components have correctly-structured HTML. Consider adding Bootlint to your Bootstrap web development toolchain so that none of the common mistakes slow down your project's development.

# Community

Stay up to date on the development of Bootstrap and reach out to the community with these helpful resources.

- Read and subscribe to The Official Bootstrap Blog.
- Chat with fellow Bootstrappers using IRC in the `irc.freenode.net` server, in the ##twitter-bootstrap channel.
- For help using Bootstrap, ask on StackOverflow using the tag `twitter-bootstrap-3`.
- Find inspiring examples of people building with Bootstrap at the Bootstrap Expo.

You can also follow @twbootstrap on Twitter for the latest gossip and awesome music videos.

# Disabling responsiveness

Bootstrap automatically adapts your pages for various screen sizes. Here's how to disable this feature so your page works like in this non-responsive example.

### Steps to disable page responsiveness

1. Omit the viewport `<meta>` mentioned in the CSS docs
2. Override the `width` on the `.container` for each grid tier with a single width, for example `width: 970px !important;` Be sure that this comes after the default Bootstrap CSS. You can optionally avoid the `!important` with media queries or some selector-fu.
3. If using navbars, remove all navbar collapsing and expanding behavior.
4. For grid layouts, use `.col-xs-*` classes in addition to, or in place of, the medium/large ones. Don't worry, the extra-small device grid scales to all resolutions.

You'll still need Respond.js for IE8 (since our media queries are still there and need to be processed). This disables the "mobile site" aspects of Bootstrap.

### Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled

We've applied these steps to an example. Read its source code to see the specific changes implemented.

View non-responsive example

#### Migrating from v2.x to v3.x

Looking to migrate from an older version of Bootstrap to v3.x? Check out our migration guide.

# Browser and device support

Bootstrap is built to work best in the latest desktop and mobile browsers, meaning older browsers might display differently styled, though fully functional, renderings of certain components.

### Supported browsers

Specifically, we support the latest versions of the following browsers and platforms. On Windows, we support Internet Explorer 8-11. More specific support information is provided below.

| Chrome | Firefox | Internet Explorer | Opera | Safari
Android | Supported | Supported | N/A | Not Supported | N/A
iOS | Supported | N/A | Not Supported | Supported
Mac OS X | Supported | Supported | Supported | Supported
Windows | Supported | Supported | Supported | Supported | Not Supported

Unofficially, Bootstrap should look and behave well enough in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 7, though they are not officially supported.

For a list of some of the browser bugs that Bootstrap has to grapple with, see our Wall of browser bugs.

### Internet Explorer 8 and 9

Internet Explorer 8 and 9 are also supported, however, please be aware that some CSS3 properties and HTML5 elements are not fully supported by these browsers. In addition, Internet Explorer 8 requires the use of Respond.js to enable media query support.

Feature | Internet Explorer 8 | Internet Explorer 9
--- | --- | ---
`border-radius` | Not supported | Supported
`box-shadow` | Not supported | Supported
`transform` | Not supported | Supported, with `-ms` prefix
`transition` | Not supported
`placeholder` | Not supported

Visit Can I use... for details on browser support of CSS3 and HTML5 features.

### Internet Explorer 8 and Respond.js

Beware of the following caveats when using Respond.js in your development and production environments for Internet Explorer 8.

#### Respond.js and cross-domain CSS

Using Respond.js with CSS hosted on a different (sub)domain (for example, on a CDN) requires some additional setup. See the Respond.js docs for details.

#### Respond.js and `file://`

Due to browser security rules, Respond.js doesn't work with pages viewed via the `file://` protocol (like when opening a local HTML file). To test responsive features in IE8, view your pages over HTTP(S). See the Respond.js docs for details.

#### Respond.js and `@import`

Respond.js doesn't work with CSS that's referenced via `@import`. In particular, some Drupal configurations are known to use `@import`. See the Respond.js docs for details.

### Internet Explorer 8 and box-sizing

IE8 does not fully support `box-sizing: border-box;` when combined with `min-width`, `max-width`, `min-height`, or `max-height`. For that reason, as of v3.0.1, we no longer use `max-width` on `.container`s.

### Internet Explorer 8 and @font-face

IE8 has some issues with `@font-face` when combined with `:before`. Bootstrap uses that combination with its Glyphicons. If a page is cached, and loaded without the mouse over the window (i.e. hit the refresh button or load something in an iframe) then the page gets rendered before the font loads. Hovering over the page (body) will show some of the icons and hovering over the remaining icons will show those as well. See issue #13863 for details.

### IE Compatibility modes

Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. To be sure you're using the latest rendering mode for IE, consider including the appropriate `<meta>` tag in your pages:

    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">

Confirm the document mode by opening the debugging tools: press `F12` and check the "Document Mode".

This tag is included in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples to ensure the best rendering possible in each supported version of Internet Explorer.

See this StackOverflow question for more information.

### Internet Explorer 10 in Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8

Internet Explorer 10 doesn't differentiate device width from viewport width, and thus doesn't properly apply the media queries in Bootstrap's CSS. Normally you'd just add a quick snippet of CSS to fix this:

    @-ms-viewport       { width: device-width; }

However, this doesn't work for devices running Windows Phone 8 versions older than Update 3 (a.k.a. GDR3), as it causes such devices to show a mostly desktop view instead of narrow "phone" view. To address this, you'll need to include the following CSS and JavaScript to work around the bug.

    @-webkit-viewport   { width: device-width; }
    @-moz-viewport      { width: device-width; }
    @-ms-viewport       { width: device-width; }
    @-o-viewport        { width: device-width; }
    @viewport           { width: device-width; }

    if (navigator.userAgent.match(/IEMobile\/10\.0/)) {
      var msViewportStyle = document.createElement('style')
      msViewportStyle.appendChild(
        document.createTextNode(
          '@-ms-viewport{width:auto!important}'
        )
      )
      document.querySelector('head').appendChild(msViewportStyle)
    }

For more information and usage guidelines, read Windows Phone 8 and Device-Width.

As a heads up, we include this in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples as a demonstration.

### Safari percent rounding

The rendering engine of versions of Safari prior to v7.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v8.0 had some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our `.col-*-1` grid classes. So if you had 12 individual grid columns, you'd notice that they came up short compared to other rows of columns. Besides upgrading Safari/iOS, you have some options for workarounds:

- Add `.pull-right` to your last grid column to get the hard-right alignment
- Tweak your percentages manually to get the perfect rounding for Safari (more difficult than the first option)

We'll keep an eye on this though and update our code if we have an easy solution.

### Modals, navbars, and virtual keyboards

#### Overflow and scrolling

Support for `overflow: hidden` on the `<body>` element is quite limited in iOS and Android. To that end, when you scroll past the top or bottom of a modal in either of those devices' browsers, the `<body>` content will begin to scroll.

#### Virtual keyboards

Also, note that if you're using inputs in your modal or navbar, iOS has a rendering bug that doesn't update the position of fixed elements when the virtual keyboard is triggered. A few workarounds for this include transforming your elements to `position: absolute` or invoking a timer on focus to try to correct the positioning manually. This is not handled by Bootstrap, so it is up to you to decide which solution is best for your application.

#### Navbar Dropdowns

The `.dropdown-backdrop` element isn't used on iOS in the nav because of the complexity of z-indexing. Thus, to close dropdowns in navbars, you must directly click the dropdown element (or any other element which will fire a click event in iOS).

### Browser zooming

Page zooming inevitably presents rendering artifacts in some components, both in Bootstrap and the rest of the web. Depending on the issue, we may be able to fix it (search first and then open an issue if need be). However, we tend to ignore these as they often have no direct solution other than hacky workarounds.

### Printer viewports

Even in some modern browsers, printing can be quirky. In particular, as of Chrome v32 and regardless of margin settings, Chrome uses a viewport width significantly narrower than the physical paper size when resolving media queries while printing a webpage. This can result in Bootstrap's extra-small grid being unexpectedly activated when printing. See #12078 for some details. Suggested workarounds:

- Embrace the extra-small grid and make sure your page looks acceptable under it.
- Customize the values of the `@screen-*` Less variables so that your printer paper is considered larger than extra-small.
- Add custom media queries to change the grid size breakpoints for print media only.

### Android stock browser

Out of the box, Android 4.1 (and even some newer releases apparently) ship with the Browser app as the default web browser of choice (as opposed to Chrome). Unfortunately, the Browser app has lots of bugs and inconsistencies with CSS in general.

#### Select menus

On `<select>` elements, the Android stock browser will not display the side controls if there is a `border-radius` and/or `border` applied. (See this StackOverflow question for details.) Use the snippet of code below to remove the offending CSS and render the `<select>` as an unstyled element on the Android stock browser. The user agent sniffing avoids interference with Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla browsers.

    <script>
    $(function () {
      var nua = navigator.userAgent
      var isAndroid = (nua.indexOf('Mozilla/5.0') > -1 && nua.indexOf('Android ') > -1 && nua.indexOf('AppleWebKit') > -1 && nua.indexOf('Chrome') === -1)
      if (isAndroid) {
        $('select.form-control').removeClass('form-control').css('width', '100%')
      }
    })
    </script>

Want to see an example? Check out this JS Bin demo.

### Validators

In order to provide the best possible experience to old and buggy browsers, Bootstrap uses CSS browser hacks in several places to target special CSS to certain browser versions in order to work around bugs in the browsers themselves. These hacks understandably cause CSS validators to complain that they are invalid. In a couple places, we also use bleeding-edge CSS features that aren't yet fully standardized, but these are used purely for progressive enhancement.

These validation warnings don't matter in practice since the non-hacky portion of our CSS does fully validate and the hacky portions don't interfere with the proper functioning of the non-hacky portion, hence why we deliberately ignore these particular warnings.

Our HTML docs likewise have some trivial and inconsequential HTML validation warnings due to our inclusion of X-UA-Compatible `<meta>` tags to avoid Internet Explorer issues and our inclusion of a workaround for a certain Firefox bug.

# Third party support

While we don't officially support any third party plugins or add-ons, we do offer some useful advice to help avoid potential issues in your projects.

### Box-sizing

Some third party software, including Google Maps and Google Custom Search Engine, conflict with Bootstrap due to `* { box-sizing: border-box; }`, a rule which makes it so `padding` does not affect the final computed width of an element. Learn more about box model and sizing at CSS Tricks.

Depending on the context, you may override as-needed (Option 1) or reset the box-sizing for entire regions (Option 2).

    /* Box-sizing resets
     *
     * Reset individual elements or override regions to avoid conflicts due to
     * global box model settings of Bootstrap. Two options, individual overrides and
     * region resets, are available as plain CSS and uncompiled Less formats.
     */

    /* Option 1A: Override a single element's box model via CSS */
    .element {
      -webkit-box-sizing: content-box;
         -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
              box-sizing: content-box;
    }

    /* Option 1B: Override a single element's box model by using a Bootstrap Less mixin */
    .element {
      .box-sizing(content-box);
    }

    /* Option 2A: Reset an entire region via CSS */
    .reset-box-sizing,
    .reset-box-sizing *,
    .reset-box-sizing *:before,
    .reset-box-sizing *:after {
      -webkit-box-sizing: content-box;
         -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
              box-sizing: content-box;
    }

    /* Option 2B: Reset an entire region with a custom Less mixin */
    .reset-box-sizing {
      &,
      *,
      *:before,
      *:after {
        .box-sizing(content-box);
      }
    }
    .element {
      .reset-box-sizing();
    }

# Accessibility

Bootstrap follows common web standards and—with minimal extra effort—can be used to create sites that are accessible to those using AT.

### Skip navigation

If your navigation contains many links and comes before the main content in the DOM, add a `Skip to main content` link immediately after your opening `<body>` tag. (read why)

    <body>
      <a href="#content" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable">Skip to main content</a>
      <div class="container" id="content">
        The main page content.
      </div>
    </body>

### Nested headings

When nesting headings (`<h1>` - `<h6>`), your primary document header should be an `<h1>`. Subsequent headings should make logical use of `<h2>` - `<h6>` such that screen readers can construct a table of contents for your pages.

Learn more at HTML CodeSniffer and Penn State's AccessAbility.

### Additional resources

- "HTML Codesniffer" bookmarklet for identifying accessibility issues
- The A11Y Project
- MDN accessibility documentation

# License FAQs

Bootstrap is released under the MIT license and is copyright 2014 Twitter. Boiled down to smaller chunks, it can be described with the following conditions.

#### It requires you to:

- Include the license and copyright notice in your works

#### It permits you to:

- Freely download and use Bootstrap, in whole or in part, for personal, private, company internal, or commercial purposes
- Use Bootstrap in packages or distributions that you create
- Modify the source code
- Grant a sublicense to modify and distribute Bootstrap to third parties not included in the license

#### It forbids you to:

- Hold the authors and license owners liable for damages as Bootstrap is provided without warranty
- Hold the creators or copyright holders of Bootstrap liable
- Redistribute any piece of Bootstrap without proper attribution
- Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that Twitter endorses your distribution
- Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that you created the Twitter software in question

#### It does not require you to:

- Include the source of Bootstrap itself, or of any modifications you may have made to it, in any redistribution you may assemble that includes it
- Submit changes that you make to Bootstrap back to the Bootstrap project (though such feedback is encouraged)

The full Bootstrap license is located in the project repository for more information.

# Translations

Community members have translated Bootstrap's documentation into various languages. None are officially supported and they may not always be up to date.

- Bootstrap 中文文档 (Chinese)
- Bootstrap en Français (French)
- Bootstrap auf Deutsch (German)
- Bootstrap in Italiano (Italian)
- Bootstrap 한국어 (Korean)
- Bootstrap по-русски (Russian)
- Bootstrap en Español (Spanish)
- Bootstrap ua Українською (Ukrainian)

We don't help organize or host translations, we just link to them.

Finished a new or better translation? Open a pull request to add it to our list.